トキサフェン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
用途
殺虫剤。乳牛舎や搾乳動物への使用は推奨しない。
化学的特性
yellow waxy solid
物理的性質
Yellow, waxy, nonflammable solid with a chlorine or terpene-like odor. Odor threshold
concentration from water is 140 μg/L (quoted, Keith and Walters, 1992).
使用
Toxaphene is an insecticide that contains over 200–700
chemicals and can exist as an yellow to amber solid or gas.
Heavily used in the United States until 1982, its use was
completely banned in 1990. Toxaphene was used primarily to
control insects on cotton crops in the southern United States; it
has also been used to control pests on livestock and to control
unwanted fish in aquatic environments. Reports have indicated
that fish are low metabolizers of toxaphene, whereas other
aquatic life such as snails can be extensive metabolizers, thus
reducing the toxicity of toxaphene to aquatic life other than fish
(Isensee et al., 1979).
一般的な説明
Yellow, waxy solid with a pleasant piney odor. Used as an insecticide, primarily for cotton and early growth stages of vegetables. Also peas, soybeans, peanut, corn, and wheat. Not produced commercially in the U.S. since 1982. Only registered for scabies control on cattle in the U.S.
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
TOXAPHENE is decomposed by sunlight and heat. TOXAPHENE is decomposed in the presence of alkali. TOXAPHENE is corrosive to iron. TOXAPHENE is incompatible with strong oxidizers. TOXAPHENE is non corrosive in the absence of moisture.
危険性
Carcinogen.
健康ハザード
Highly toxic by ingestion; moderately toxicby skin contact and inhalation; may causeskin irritation and allergic dermatitis; causedadverse reproductive effects in experimentalanimals; ingestion of about 1.5–3 g may befatal to adult human; toxic effects in animals include central nervous system stimulation, tremors, convulsions, and liver injury;oral LD50 value (rats): ～100 mg/kg: sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals,causing liver cancer; RCRA Waste Number P123.
LD50 oral (rat): 50 mg/kg
LD50 skin (rat): 600 mg/kg
Studies on the cancer risk assessment oftoxaphene in rodents have shown that itincreased incidence of neoplasms of endocrine organs, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal andmammary glands and reproductive systems(Buranatrevedth 2004).
火災危険
Container may explode in heat of fire. Toxic vapors are generated when heated. Releases hydrochloric acid in the presence of alkali, on prolonged exposure to sunlight, and at temperatures above 311F. Avoid strong oxidizers, corrosive to iron.
安全性プロファイル
Confirmed carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic and
tumorigenic data. Human poison by
ingestion and possibly other routes.
Experimental poison by ingestion,
intraperitoneal, and possibly other routes.
Moderately toxic experimentally by
inhalation and skin contact. Human systemic
effects by ingestion and skin contact:
somnolence, convulsions or effect on
seizure threshold, coma, and allergic skin
dermatitis. A skin irritant; absorbed through
the skin. Experimental teratogenic and
reproductive effects. Human mutation data
reported. Liver injury has been reported.
Lethal amounts of toxaphene can enter the
body through the mouth, lungs, and skin.
Systemic absorption of the insecticide is
increased by the presence of lgestible oils,
and liquid preparations of the insecticide,
which penetrate the skin more readily than
do dusts and wettable powders.A toxic mixture of organochlorine
pesticides stored to some extent in body fat.
It resembles chlordane and, to some extent,
camphor in its physiological action. It causes
diffuse stimulation of the brain and spinal
cord resulting in generahzed convulsions of
a tonic or clonic character. Death usually
results from respiratory failure.
Detoxification appears to occur in the liver.
The lethal ingestion dose for humans is
estimated to be 2-7 g, a toxicity of about
four times that of DDT. At least seven
human deaths have been reported due to
toxaphene, all in chddren. Two families have
been made ill by eating vegetables
containing a large residue of toxaphene.
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of Cl-.
発がん性
Toxaphene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
環境運命予測
Soil. Under reduced soil conditions, about 50% of the C-Cl bonds were cleaved
(dechlorinated) by Fe2+ porphyrins forming two major toxicants having molecular formulas
C10H10Cl8 (Toxicant A) and C10H11Cl7 (Toxicant B). Toxicant A reacted with reduced
hematin yielding two reductive dechlorination products (C10H11Cl7), two dehydrodechlo-
rination products (C10H9Cl7) and two other products (C10H10Cl6). Similarly, products
formed from the reaction of Toxicant B with reduced hematin included two reductive
dechlorination products (C10H12Cl6), one dehydrochlorination product (C10H10Cl6) and two
products having the molecular formula C10H11Cl5 (Khalifa et al., 1976). The reported
dissipation rate of toxaphene from soil is 0.010/day (Seiber et al., 1979).
Photolytic. Dehydrochlorination will occur after prolonged exposure to sunlight releas-
ing hydrochloric acid (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989). Two
compounds isolated from toxaphene, 2-exo,3-exo,5,5,6-endo,8,9,10,10-nonachlor
Chemical/Physical. Saleh and Casida (1978) demonstrated that Toxicant B (2,2,5-
endo,6-exo,8,9,10-heptachlorobornane), the most active component of toxaphene, under-
went reductive dechlorination at the geminal dichloro position yielding 2-endo,
Toxaphene will slowly undergo hydrolysis resulting in the loss of chlorine atoms and
the formation of hydrochloric acid (Kollig, 1993). The hydrolysis rate constant for tox-
aphene at pH 7 and 25°C was determined to be 8 × 10–6/hour, resulting in a half-life of
9.9 years (Ellington et al., 1987).
Emits toxic chloride fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1990).
トキサフェン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品